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Z orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego: porozumienie wekslowe – abuzywność postanowień

            W dniu 21 czerwca 2021 r. Sąd Najwyższy rozpoznając sprawę o sygn. akt I NSNc 144/21 (publ. SIP Lex nr 3190970) dokonał wykładni norm konstytucyjnych oraz określił w jakim zakresie sąd zobowiązany jest badać postanowienia porozumienia wekslowego pod kątem ich abuzywności.

            W pierwszej kolejności Sąd Najwyższy wskazał, że przepis art. 76 Konstytucji RP może być bezpośrednio stosowany. Każdy organ i instytucja w tym sąd ma obowiązek zapewnienia właściwej  ochrony konsumentom. W dalszej części orzeczenia przywołano wyroki Trybunału Konstytucyjnego stwierdzając, że o nadaniu konstytucyjnej rangi ochronie praw konsumentów w art. 76 ustawy zasadniczej przesądziło uznanie, że "konsument jest słabszą stroną stosunku prawnego i z tej racji wymaga ochrony, a więc pewnych uprawnień, które doprowadziłyby do przynajmniej względnego zrównania pozycji kontrahentów", przy czym celem tej ochrony nie jest faworyzowanie konsumentów, ale tworzenie rozwiązań prawnych, które pozwalają urzeczywistnić zasadę równorzędności stron stosunków cywilnoprawnych. W omawianym orzeczeniu dokonano także wykładni art 30 Konstytucji RP, wskazując że artykuł ten chroni człowieczeństwo, a do naruszenia konstytucyjnie chronionej godności orzeczeniem sądowym mogłoby dojść w sytuacji zakwestionowania w orzeczeniu czyjegoś człowieczeństwa poprzez potraktowanie go w sposób nie ludzki, nie liczący się z jego człowieczeństwem.

            Zgodnie z art. 3851 § 1 i 3 k.c. postanowienia umowy zawieranej z konsumentem nieuzgodnione indywidualnie nie wiążą go, jeżeli kształtują jego prawa i obowiązki w sposób sprzeczny z dobrymi obyczajami, rażąco naruszając jego interesy (niedozwolone postanowienia umowne). Nie dotyczy to postanowień określających główne świadczenia stron, w tym cenę lub wynagrodzenie, jeżeli zostały sformułowane w sposób jednoznaczny. Sąd Najwyższy w omawianym wyroku potwierdził swoje wcześniejsze orzeczenia stwierdzając, że niedozwolone postanowienie umowy w rozumieniu art. 3851 § 1 k.c. jest ex lege pozbawione mocy wiążącej od samego początku i każdy organ orzekający w sprawie dotyczącej roszczenia z umowy z udziałem konsumenta jest obowiązany z urzędu to uwzględnić, chyba że konsument temu się sprzeciwi w sposób niewymuszony i jednoznaczny. Wskazano również, że w przypadku umowy konsumenckiej, sąd zobowiązany jest do zbadania z urzędu czy postanowienia umowy zawartej pomiędzy przedsiębiorcą i konsumentem mają nieuczciwy charakter. W przypadku zatem nieuwzględnienia z urzędu niedozwolonego charakteru postanowienia umownego, które z mocy prawa nie wiąże konsumenta, dochodzi do naruszenia 3851 k.c.

 

            W dalszej części Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że w przypadku gdy dochodzone pozwem roszczenie wynika z weksla in blanco, stanowiącego zabezpieczenie wierzytelności wynikającej z umowy zawartej pomiędzy konsumentem, a przedsiębiorcą, niezbędne jest zbadanie przez sąd rozpoznający sprawę treści stosunku podstawowego, gdyż tylko to gwarantuje zapewnienie konsumentowi ochrony przyznanej mu przez prawo unijne (Dyrektywa 93/13). Postanowienia umowy w wykonaniu której wystawiany jest weksel in blanco powinny być zatem badane przez sądy pod kątem ich abuzywności. Ponadto w orzeczeniu podkreślono, że sąd rozpoznający sprawę zobowiązany jest z urzędu dokonać kontroli postanowień porozumienia wekslowego, które rzutują na właściwość sądu pod kątem ich zgodności z art 3851-3853 k.c. Rozważania te zaowocowały stwierdzeniem, że klauzula pozwalająca na określenie miejsca płatności weksla w sposób dowolny, przez wierzyciela, narzuca właściwość miejscową sądu, w związku z czym jest niedozwolonym postanowieniem umownym w rozumieniu  art. 3853 pkt 23 k.c. w zw. z art. 3851 §1 i 3 k.c.

 

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[Inheritance law] Pursuing inheritance rights in Poland. Legal advice in personal matters.

Inheritance proceedings in Poland are a legal process that aims to regulate the issue of inheritance of property after a deceased person. This procedure is necessary to determine who is entitled to the inheritance and what parts of the estate they are entitled to. This process can be complicated, especially when different forms of assets, debts or disputes between heirs are involved. It is worth using the help of a lawyer specializing in inheritance law to make sure that all formalities will be completed in accordance with the regulations and the rights of the heirs will be properly secured. Using professional legal assistance is particularly important when the case concerns large assets, many heirs or complex legal issues. 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Negotiations and mediations: Conducting negotiations between heirs in order to reach an agreement on the division of property, conducting mediation in disputes. Tax optimization: Consulting in the field of tax optimization related to inheritance and management of inheritance assets, assistance in avoiding unfavorable tax consequences. www.adviser.law/en/ Using the services of a lawyer, legal advisor or attorney specializing in inheritance law and property matters is a key step in the inheritance process. Professional legal assistance ensures not only compliance with applicable regulations, but also protection of the client's interests and effective management of inheritance assets. This type of specialist has the knowledge, experience and skills necessary to handle even the most complicated inheritance cases, which allows you to avoid many legal and formal problems. 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