[Prawo spadkowe] Czy można utracić prawo do zachowku postępując sprzecznie z zasadami współżycia społecznego?
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Prawo spadkowe: Kto ma prawo do zachowku?
Zachowek należy się zstępnym (dzieciom, wnukom, prawnukom) małżonkowi i rodzicom spadkodawcy, jeśli nie doszło do dziedziczenia ustawowego. Przykładem takiej sytuacji jest dziedziczenie na podstawie testamentu. Zgodnie z art. 991 kodeksu cywilnego (dalej k.c.), zstępnym, małżonkowi oraz rodzicom spadkodawcy, którzy byliby powołani do spadku z ustawy, należy się połowa wartości udziału który otrzymaliby gdyby doszło do dziedziczenia ustawowego. Natomiast w sytuacji, gdy osoby te były trwale niezdolne do pracy albo jeśli zstępny jest małoletni otrzymaliby oni 2/3 wartości udziału spadkowego. Innymi słowy dzieci, dalsi zstępni, małżonek i rodzice zmarłego mogą domagać się od spadkobiercy (nieustawowego) zapłaty kwoty odpowiadającej połowie lub 2/3 tego co otrzymaliby, gdyby doszło do dziedziczenia na podstawie ustawy.
Czy można odmówić zapłaty zachowku gdy jest to sprzeczne z poczuciem sprawiedliwości?
Odpowiedzi na to pytanie, czy można odmówić zapłaty zachowku gdy jest to sprzeczne z poczuciem sprawiedliwości, udzielił Sąd Najwyższy w wydanym postanowieniu z dnia 29 grudnia 2021 r. wydanym w sprawie pod sygn. akt III CSK 159/21 (publ. w SIP Lex nr 3327075). Wówczas Sąd Najwyższy wskazał, że może dojść do oddalenia powództwa o zapłatę zachowku ze względu na jego sprzeczność z zasadami współżycia społecznego lub jego obniżenia j, jednocześnie wskazują, że jest to sytuacja wyjątkowa.
Dopuszczalne jest także całkowite pozbawienie prawa do zachowku wyłączonego z dziedziczenia ustawowego spadkobiercy w wyniku zastosowania przepisu art. 5 k.c. (nadużycie prawa podmiotowego), w sytuacji, gdy uprawniony do zachowku naużywa swoich praw względem zobowiązanego, lub taka sytuacja miała miejsce w przeszłości.
Innymi słowy osoba, która otrzymała majątek po zmarłym na podstawie testamentu nie będzie zobowiązana do zapłaty zachowku krewnym spadkodawcy, o ile ich postawa była lub jest sprzeczna z zasadami współżycia społecznego. Każda z sytuacji oceniana jest przez sąd rozpoznający sprawę indywidualnie. Nie można wskazać zamkniętego katalogu sytuacji w których obowiązek zapłaty zachowku nie istnieje. Można się jednak posłużyć orzeczeniami wcześniej wydanymi przez sądy, zwłaszcza Sąd Najwyższy.
Sąd oddalił powództwo o zapłatę zachowku w oparciu o zasady współżycia społecznego
W zakończonej sprawie, której przedmiotem było żądanie zapłaty zachowku, Sąd Najwyższy w postanowieniu z dnia 29 grudnia 2021 r., (sygn. akt III CSK 159/21, publ. w SIP Lex nr 3327075) za sprzeczne z zasadami współżycia społecznego uznał żądanie przez matkę zapłaty zachowku od syna w przypadku, gdy matka nie dopełniła wobec niego obowiązków rodzicielskich. Kobieta zaniedbywała syna, nie przejawiała żadnego zainteresowania jego losem, nie troszczyła się o niego, nie spełniała obowiązku alimentacyjnego oraz wyzywała syna w trakcie awantur. W tej sytuacji Sąd Najwyższy, pomimo, że powódka była uprawniona do zachowku, powołując się na zasady współżycia społecznego, uznał, że jej roszczenie o zapłatę zachowku jest bezzasadne.
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