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Zdarzają się sytuacje, w których pracownik z dnia na dzień porzuca pracę. Po prostu przestaje wykonywać swoje pracownicze obowiązki, jest nieobecny w pracy bez usprawiedliwienia, tzn. jego nieobecność nie wynika z urlopu, zwolnienia lekarskiego, ani innej okoliczności niemożności wykonywania pracy uznanych przez pracodawcę za usprawiedliwiające nieobecność w pracy.
Czym jest porzucenie pracy?
Przepisy prawa pracy obecnie nie definiują pojęcia „porzucenie pracy”, natomiast określają sytuacje związane z usprawiedliwioną nieobecnością w pracy, które określa Rozporządzenie Ministra Pracy i Polityki Socjalnej z dnia 15 maja 1996 r. w sprawie sposobu usprawiedliwiania nieobecności w pracy oraz udzielania pracownikom zwolnień od pracy.
W związku z brakiem definicji porzucenia pracy przez pracownika należy zdarzenie takie traktować jako czynność faktyczną, która wywiera skutki prawne, aniżeli czynność prawną z zakresu prawa pracy. Warto podkreślić, że do 1996 roku, obowiązał art. 65 k.p., który wskazywał, że za porzucenie pracy uważa się samowolne uchylenie się pracownika od wykonywania pracy, niestawienie się do pracy bez zawiadomienia zakładu pracy we właściwym terminie o przyczynie nieobecności, za datę wygaśnięcia umowy o pracę przyjmuje się dzień, w którym pracownik zaprzestał wykonywania pracy.
Obecnie przepisy prawa pracy posługują się pojęciem „nieusprawiedliwionej nieobecności”, którą ma charakter ciężkiego naruszenia podstawowych obowiązków pracowniczych, nawet w sytuacji, gdy pracownik uprzednio zawiadomi o nieobecności i jej przyczynie pracodawcę. Co więcej samo zgłoszenie przez pracownika wniosku o udzielenie czasu wolnego czy przerwy w pracy w zamian za pracę w dodatkowe dni wolne od pracy nie uprawnia pracownika do wykorzystania tego czasu bez uprzedniego udzielenia zwolnienia przez pracodawcę (zob. wyrok Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 14 grudnia 2000 r. w sprawie I PKN 150/00, publ. w SIP Lex pod nr 54260). Oznacza to, że w sytuacji, gdy nieobecność pracownika nie jest usprawiedliwiona nie ma on prawa do jednostronnego decydowania o swojej obecności w pracy, ponieważ wymagana jest uprzednia wyraźna zgoda pracodawcy.
Jakie są skutki porzucenia pracy?
Porzucenie pracy stanowi ciężkie naruszenie obowiązków pracowniczych, a zatem najdotkliwszym dla pracownika skutkiem może być tzw. „Dyscyplinarne zwolnienie z pracy”, tj. rozwiązanie umowy o pracę bez wypowiedzenia z winy pracownika – wypowiedzenie stosunku pracy w trybie art. 52 k.p. Ponadto pracodawca od pracownika, który porzucił pracę może na podstawie art. 415 k.c. w zw. z art. 300 k.p. dochodzić na zasadach ogólnych odszkodowania za szkody wyrządzone nieobecnością pracownika, takie jak: konieczność zamknięcia zakładu pracy, niewykonanie zlecenia w terminie itp. (zob. wyrok SN z dnia 09 sierpnia 2011 r. w sprawie pod sygn. akt I BP 3/11, publ. w SIP Lex pod nr 1221062).
Porzucenie pracy wywołuje również inne skutki prawne, ale m.in. finansowe:
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Inheritance proceedings in Poland are a legal process that aims to regulate the issue of inheritance of property after a deceased person. This procedure is necessary to determine who is entitled to the inheritance and what parts of the estate they are entitled to. This process can be complicated, especially when different forms of assets, debts or disputes between heirs are involved. It is worth using the help of a lawyer specializing in inheritance law to make sure that all formalities will be completed in accordance with the regulations and the rights of the heirs will be properly secured. Using professional legal assistance is particularly important when the case concerns large assets, many heirs or complex legal issues. 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