[Prawo spadkowe] Transgraniczne problemy postępowania spadkowego
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Transgraniczne problemy postępowania spadkowego
Rozwój stosunków społecznych na świecie a szczególności w Europie spowodował, iż dziedziczenie majątku – przejście praw i obowiązków osoby zmarłej uległo znaczącej komplikacji. Swoboda poruszania się osób i kształtowania przez nie stosunków społecznych spowodowały, iż sprawy spadkowe zaczęły łączyć aspekty prawne z systemów prawnych różnych państw. W tym stanie rzeczy zaczęły powstawać problemy dotyczące właściwości miejscowej dotyczące organów jak również samego prawa mającego zastosowanie konkretnej sprawie. Do rozstrzygania sprawy spadkowej uprawnione mogłyby być organy państwa właściwe ze względu na obywatelstwo osoby zmarłej, miejsca jej zgonu (na terytorium innego państwa) lub miejsca położenia majątku (w terytorium jednego lub kilku państw).
Powstała w ten sposób sprawa spadkowa obejmująca aspekty prawne z systemów różnych państw ma charakter transgraniczny.
W celu ułatwienia rozwiązywania problemów obejmujących planowanie i zarządzanie transgranicznymi sprawami spadkowymi Unia Europejska przyjęła w 2012r rozporządzenie NR 650/2012 w sprawie dziedziczenia. Rozporządzenie objęło państwa członkowskie UE z wyjątkiem Danii, Irlandii i Wielkiej Brytanii. Powyższe państwa nie uczestniczą w stosowaniu rozporządzenia. Rozporządzenie obowiązuje od dnia 17 sierpnia 2015 r. Oznacza to, iż przepisy rozporządzenia mają zastosowanie do dziedziczenia, po osobach które zmarły najwcześniej w tym dniu lub później. Jednakże wybory prawa dokonane i testamenty sporządzone, przed datą wejścia w życie rozporządzenia pozostają w mocy. Rozporządzenie spadkowe będące instrumentem prawa wspólnotowego ma pierwszeństwo stosowania przed prawem krajowym w transgranicznych sprawach spadkowych. W tym stanie rzeczy przy analizowaniu takich spraw nie należy uwzględniać przepisów wewnętrznych poszczególnych państw członkowskich.
O transgranicznym charakterze sprawy spadkowej decyduje spełnienie następujących warunków:
spadkodawca był obywatelem innego państwa niż państwo jego zwykłego pobytu, spadkodawca pozostawił majątek w innym państwie niż państwo jego zwykłego pobytu, przy czym bez znaczenia jest fakt czy jest to cały majątek czy tylko jego część, przynajmniej część potencjalnych spadkobierców lub innych beneficjentów spadkowych (np. zapisobiorców) zamieszkuje w innym państwie niż państwo zwykłego pobytu spadkodawcy. Rozporządzenie nie obejmuje kwestii podatkowych, które są regulowane według zasad obowiązujących w poszczególnych państwach członkowskich. Zagadnienia dotyczące stosunków rodzinnych, małżeńskich ustrojów majątkowych stanu cywilnego osób fizycznych.
Należy jednoznacznie stwierdzić, iż, rozporządzenie spadkowe przyjęte przez Unię Europejską ma pierwszeństwo stosowania przed prawem krajowym w sprawach spełniających przesłanki umożliwiające do zakwalifikowania sprawy jako transgranicznej sprawy spadkowej.
Compliance korporacyjny jest przedmiotem wykładni sądowej. W kilku sprawach polskie sądy powszechne oraz Trybunał Konstytucyjny podejmowały problematykę systemu zapewnienia zgodności z prawem (compliance). Niemniej pamiętać należy, że compliance jest realizowany zarówno jako compliance korporacyjny jak i "indywidualny". Compliance indywidualny polega na tym, że Każdy ma możliwość uzyskania porady prawnej, skorzystania z pomocy obrońcy i przedstawiciela" ("Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article.(zob. wyrok TK z dnia 14 lipca 2021 r. w sprawie pod syg. akt P 7/20, publ. w OTK-A z 2021 nr. 49). compliance kancelaria prawna gdynia radca prawny obsługa prawna firm stała obsługa prawna firm prawo korporacyjne kancelaria gdynia
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Thanks to professional advice and representation, individuals can effectively manage their legal affairs, avoid mistakes and minimize legal risk. It is worth using the services of an experienced lawyer to be sure that all legal matters will be handled reliably and professionally.
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